diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 51d18f3867..48ecc49c93 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -97,6 +97,17 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING)
     add_test(NAME request_serializer COMMAND request_serializer_tests)
     set_tests_properties(request_serializer PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 20)
     find_package(Python3 QUIET COMPONENTS Interpreter)
+    add_test_executable(shader_ir_use_rewrite_tests
+        core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/tests/UseRewrite.cpp
+        core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/tests/UseRewriteAllocation.cpp
+        core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/src/IrValue.cpp
+        core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/src/IrBlock.cpp
+        core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/src/IrOpcode.cpp
+        core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/src/GuestRegister.cpp)
+    target_include_directories(shader_ir_use_rewrite_tests PRIVATE
+        core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/include)
+    add_test(NAME shader_ir_use_rewrite COMMAND shader_ir_use_rewrite_tests)
+    set_tests_properties(shader_ir_use_rewrite PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 20)
     if(Python3_Interpreter_FOUND)
         add_test(NAME shader_cache_native_paths COMMAND ${Python3_EXECUTABLE}
             ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/core/shader/recompiler/tests/test_shader_cache_native_paths.py
diff --git a/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/src/IrValue.cpp b/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/src/IrValue.cpp
index d7f234f908..f5653e80f9 100644
--- a/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/src/IrValue.cpp
+++ b/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/src/IrValue.cpp
@@ -65,10 +65,30 @@ void IrValue::ReplaceAllUsesWith(IrValue* replacement) {
     if (replacement == this) {
         return;
     }
-    while (!operandUses.empty()) {
-        const IrUse use = operandUses.back();
-        use.user->ReplaceArgument(use.operand, replacement);
+    if (replacement != nullptr) {
+        const auto reserveAdditional = [count = operandUses.size()](auto& list) {
+            const auto maximum = list.max_size();
+            if (count > maximum - list.size()) {
+                throw std::length_error("IrValue::ReplaceAllUsesWith use list is too large");
+            }
+            const auto required = list.size() + count;
+            if (required > list.capacity()) {
+                const auto grown = list.capacity() > maximum / 2 ? maximum : list.capacity() * 2;
+                list.reserve(std::max(required, grown));
+            }
+        };
+        reserveAdditional(replacement->uses);
+        reserveAdditional(replacement->operandUses);
     }
+    for (auto use = operandUses.rbegin(); use != operandUses.rend(); ++use) {
+        use->user->arguments[use->operand] = replacement;
+        if (replacement != nullptr) {
+            replacement->uses.push_back(use->user);
+            replacement->operandUses.push_back(*use);
+        }
+    }
+    uses.clear();
+    operandUses.clear();
 }
 
 void IrValue::SetImmediateU32(std::uint32_t value) {
diff --git a/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/tests/UseRewrite.cpp b/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/tests/UseRewrite.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3308434316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/tests/UseRewrite.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+#include "IntermediateRepresentation/IrBlock.hpp"
+#include <bit>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <memory>
+#include <new>
+#include <random>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <vector>
+
+using namespace ShaderRecompiler;
+
+namespace IrRewriteAllocation {
+extern std::ptrdiff_t failureAfter;
+extern std::size_t allocations;
+extern bool countAllocations;
+}
+using namespace IrRewriteAllocation;
+
+void Require(bool condition) {
+    if (!condition) throw std::runtime_error("IR use rewrite assertion failed");
+}
+
+struct Graph {
+    IrBlock block{1};
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IrValue>> values;
+
+    explicit Graph(std::size_t count) {
+        for (std::size_t index = 0; index < count; ++index) {
+            auto value = std::make_unique<IrValue>(IrOpcode::IAdd32, IrType::U32, static_cast<std::uint32_t>(index));
+            value->SetFlags(static_cast<std::uint64_t>(index * 17));
+            block.AppendInstruction(value.get());
+            values.push_back(std::move(value));
+        }
+    }
+
+    IrValue* Value(std::size_t index) const { return values.at(index).get(); }
+};
+
+void ReferenceReplace(IrValue* source, IrValue* replacement) {
+    if (source == replacement) return;
+    while (!source->OperandUses().empty()) {
+        const IrUse use = source->OperandUses().back();
+        use.user->ReplaceArgument(use.operand, replacement);
+    }
+}
+
+void EqualGraphs(const Graph& first, const Graph& second) {
+    Require(first.values.size() == second.values.size());
+    for (std::size_t index = 0; index < first.values.size(); ++index) {
+        const auto* left = first.Value(index);
+        const auto* right = second.Value(index);
+        Require(left->Opcode() == right->Opcode() && left->Type() == right->Type());
+        Require(left->Id() == right->Id() && left->Flags<std::uint64_t>() == right->Flags<std::uint64_t>());
+        Require((left->Parent() == nullptr) == (right->Parent() == nullptr));
+        if (left->Parent()) Require(left->Parent()->Id() == right->Parent()->Id());
+        Require(left->ArgumentCount() == right->ArgumentCount());
+        for (std::size_t operand = 0; operand < left->ArgumentCount(); ++operand) {
+            const auto* a = left->Argument(operand);
+            const auto* b = right->Argument(operand);
+            Require((a == nullptr) == (b == nullptr));
+            if (a) Require(a->Id() == b->Id());
+        }
+        Require(left->Uses().size() == right->Uses().size());
+        for (std::size_t use = 0; use < left->Uses().size(); ++use) {
+            Require(left->Uses()[use]->Id() == right->Uses()[use]->Id());
+        }
+        Require(left->OperandUses().size() == right->OperandUses().size());
+        for (std::size_t use = 0; use < left->OperandUses().size(); ++use) {
+            const auto& a = left->OperandUses()[use];
+            const auto& b = right->OperandUses()[use];
+            Require(a.user->Id() == b.user->Id() && a.operand == b.operand);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void CheckSimpleReplacement() {
+    Graph graph(5);
+    auto* source = graph.Value(0);
+    auto* target = graph.Value(1);
+    auto* first = graph.Value(2);
+    auto* second = graph.Value(3);
+    auto* existing = graph.Value(4);
+    existing->AddArgument(target);
+    first->AddArgument(source);
+    second->AddArgument(source);
+    first->AddArgument(source);
+    first->AddArgument(target);
+    source->ReplaceAllUsesWith(target);
+    Require(!source->HasUses() && source->OperandUses().empty());
+    Require(first->Argument(0) == target && first->Argument(1) == target && first->Argument(2) == target);
+    Require(second->Argument(0) == target);
+    const std::vector<IrUse> expected{{existing, 0}, {first, 2}, {first, 1}, {second, 0}, {first, 0}};
+    Require(target->OperandUses() == expected);
+    Require(target->Uses() == std::vector<IrValue*>({existing, first, first, second, first}));
+    first->ReplaceArgument(1, source);
+    Require(source->UseCount() == 1);
+    source->ReplaceAllUsesWith(nullptr);
+    Require(first->Argument(1) == nullptr && target->UseCount() == 4);
+    Require(source->Opcode() == IrOpcode::IAdd32 && source->Parent() == &graph.block);
+}
+
+void CheckSelfAndEmpty() {
+    Graph graph(3);
+    graph.Value(2)->AddArgument(graph.Value(0));
+    graph.Value(0)->ReplaceAllUsesWith(graph.Value(0));
+    Require(graph.Value(0)->UseCount() == 1 && graph.Value(2)->Argument(0) == graph.Value(0));
+    graph.Value(1)->ReplaceAllUsesWith(graph.Value(0));
+    Require(graph.Value(0)->UseCount() == 1);
+    graph.Value(1)->ReplaceAllUsesWith(nullptr);
+    Require(!graph.Value(1)->HasUses());
+}
+
+void CheckPhiAndIdentity() {
+    Graph graph(4);
+    auto* source = graph.Value(0);
+    auto* target = graph.Value(1);
+    auto* phi = graph.Value(2);
+    phi->ReplaceOpcode(IrOpcode::Phi);
+    phi->AddPhiOperand(&graph.block, source);
+    phi->AddPhiOperand(&graph.block, source);
+    graph.Value(3)->ReplaceOpcode(IrOpcode::Identity);
+    graph.Value(3)->AddArgument(source);
+    source->ReplaceUsesWith(target, false);
+    Require(source->Opcode() == IrOpcode::Unreachable);
+    Require(phi->Argument(0) == target && phi->Argument(1) == target);
+    Require(phi->PhiBlockCount() == 2 && phi->PhiBlock(0) == &graph.block && phi->PhiBlock(1) == &graph.block);
+    Require(graph.Value(3)->Resolve() == target);
+    Require(target->UseCount() == 3);
+}
+
+void CheckAllocationFailure() {
+    for (std::ptrdiff_t failure = 0; failure < 2; ++failure) {
+        Graph graph(12);
+        for (std::size_t index = 2; index < 12; ++index) {
+            graph.Value(index)->AddArgument(graph.Value(0));
+        }
+        bool caught = false;
+        failureAfter = failure;
+        try {
+            graph.Value(0)->ReplaceAllUsesWith(graph.Value(1));
+        } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
+            caught = true;
+        } catch (...) {
+            failureAfter = -1;
+            throw;
+        }
+        failureAfter = -1;
+        Require(caught && graph.Value(0)->UseCount() == 10);
+        Require(graph.Value(0)->OperandUses().size() == 10);
+        Require(!graph.Value(1)->HasUses() && graph.Value(1)->OperandUses().empty());
+        for (std::size_t index = 2; index < 12; ++index) {
+            Require(graph.Value(index)->Argument(0) == graph.Value(0));
+        }
+        graph.Value(0)->ReplaceAllUsesWith(graph.Value(1));
+        Require(graph.Value(1)->UseCount() == 10);
+    }
+}
+
+void CheckGeometricGrowth() {
+    constexpr std::size_t count = 4096;
+    Graph graph(count + 2);
+    std::vector<std::unique_ptr<IrValue>> sources;
+    for (std::size_t index = 2; index < count + 2; ++index) {
+        sources.push_back(std::make_unique<IrValue>(IrOpcode::UndefU32, IrType::U32, index + count + 2));
+        graph.Value(index)->AddArgument(sources.back().get());
+    }
+    allocations = 0;
+    countAllocations = true;
+    for (auto& source : sources) source->ReplaceAllUsesWith(graph.Value(1));
+    countAllocations = false;
+    Require(allocations <= 2 * (std::bit_width(count) + 1));
+    Require(graph.Value(1)->UseCount() == count);
+    for (std::size_t index = 2; index < count + 2; ++index) Require(graph.Value(index)->Argument(0) == graph.Value(1));
+}
+
+void CheckLargeFanOut() {
+    constexpr std::size_t count = 100000;
+    Graph graph(count + 2);
+    for (std::size_t index = 2; index < count + 2; ++index) {
+        graph.Value(index)->AddArgument(graph.Value(0));
+        graph.Value(index)->AddArgument(graph.Value(0));
+    }
+    graph.Value(0)->ReplaceAllUsesWith(graph.Value(1));
+    Require(graph.Value(1)->UseCount() == count * 2 && !graph.Value(0)->HasUses());
+    for (std::size_t index = 2; index < count + 2; ++index) {
+        Require(graph.Value(index)->Argument(0) == graph.Value(1) && graph.Value(index)->Argument(1) == graph.Value(1));
+    }
+}
+
+void CheckDifferentialPrograms() {
+    std::mt19937 random(0x4f23a771);
+    constexpr std::size_t count = 32;
+    for (std::size_t trial = 0; trial < 2000; ++trial) {
+        Graph actual(count), reference(count);
+        for (std::size_t index = 0; index < count; ++index) {
+            const auto operands = random() % 5;
+            for (std::size_t operand = 0; operand < operands; ++operand) {
+                const auto argument = random() % (count + 1);
+                actual.Value(index)->AddArgument(argument == count ? nullptr : actual.Value(argument));
+                reference.Value(index)->AddArgument(argument == count ? nullptr : reference.Value(argument));
+            }
+        }
+        for (std::size_t step = 0; step < 24; ++step) {
+            const auto source = random() % count;
+            const auto replacement = random() % (count + 1);
+            if (random() % 4 == 0 && actual.Value(source)->ArgumentCount() > 0) {
+                const auto operand = random() % actual.Value(source)->ArgumentCount();
+                actual.Value(source)->ReplaceArgument(operand, replacement == count ? nullptr : actual.Value(replacement));
+                reference.Value(source)->ReplaceArgument(operand, replacement == count ? nullptr : reference.Value(replacement));
+            } else {
+                actual.Value(source)->ReplaceAllUsesWith(replacement == count ? nullptr : actual.Value(replacement));
+                ReferenceReplace(reference.Value(source), replacement == count ? nullptr : reference.Value(replacement));
+            }
+            EqualGraphs(actual, reference);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main() {
+    const char* current = "setup";
+    try {
+        const std::pair<const char*, void (*)()> cases[] = {
+            {"ordered duplicate operands", CheckSimpleReplacement},
+            {"self and empty replacement", CheckSelfAndEmpty},
+            {"phi and identity rewriting", CheckPhiAndIdentity},
+            {"allocation failure integrity", CheckAllocationFailure},
+            {"geometric use-list growth", CheckGeometricGrowth},
+            {"large fan-out", CheckLargeFanOut},
+            {"differential use graphs", CheckDifferentialPrograms}
+        };
+        for (const auto& [name, test] : cases) {
+            current = name;
+            test();
+        }
+        std::puts("7 IR rewrite suites passed; 2000 differential use graphs and 48000 mutation comparisons");
+        return 0;
+    } catch (const std::exception& error) {
+        failureAfter = -1;
+        countAllocations = false;
+        std::fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n", current, error.what());
+        return 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/tests/UseRewriteAllocation.cpp b/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/tests/UseRewriteAllocation.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4681d4b223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/core/shader/recompiler/IntermediateRepresentation/tests/UseRewriteAllocation.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <new>
+
+namespace IrRewriteAllocation {
+std::ptrdiff_t failureAfter = -1;
+std::size_t allocations = 0;
+bool countAllocations = false;
+}
+
+void* operator new(std::size_t size) {
+    if (IrRewriteAllocation::failureAfter == 0) throw std::bad_alloc();
+    if (IrRewriteAllocation::failureAfter > 0) --IrRewriteAllocation::failureAfter;
+    if (IrRewriteAllocation::countAllocations) ++IrRewriteAllocation::allocations;
+    if (void* memory = std::malloc(size == 0 ? 1 : size)) return memory;
+    throw std::bad_alloc();
+}
+
+void operator delete(void* memory) noexcept { std::free(memory); }
+void operator delete(void* memory, std::size_t) noexcept { std::free(memory); }