diff --git a/crates/merge/src/hdr.rs b/crates/merge/src/hdr.rs
index 7c596c4a7..aff017892 100644
--- a/crates/merge/src/hdr.rs
+++ b/crates/merge/src/hdr.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 //! HDR merge of exposure brackets.
 //!
 //! 1. **Order and reference.** Frames are ordered by brightness (EXIF exposure, or median
-//!    luminance without EXIF); the middle one is the reference (geometry, colour and the output's
-//!    default brightness come from it).
+//!    luminance without EXIF; ties by content); the middle one is the reference (geometry, colour
+//!    and the output's default brightness come from it). Everything below runs in that order, so
+//!    the result is the same whatever order the frames come in.
 //! 2. **Auto align** ([`crate::align`]): each frame is registered to the reference and resampled
 //!    into its geometry.
 //! 3. **Exposure normalisation.** The exposure ratio between brightness-adjacent frames is
@@ -125,9 +126,25 @@ pub fn merge_hdr(mut frames: Vec<Frame>, opts: &HdrOptions, progress: &Progress)
         Some(e) if e.iter().any(|v| (v - e[0]).abs() > 0.1) => e.clone(),
         _ => medians.iter().map(|m| (*m as f64).log2()).collect(),
     };
-    let mut order: Vec<usize> = (0..n).collect();
-    order.sort_by(|&a, &b| brightness[a].total_cmp(&brightness[b]).then(a.cmp(&b)));
-    let reference = order[n / 2];
+    // ties (equal brightness) by content, never by position
+    let fingerprint: Vec<f64> =
+        frames.par_iter().map(|f| f.image.data.iter().step_by(997).map(|p| p[0] as f64 + 2.0 * p[1] as f64 + 3.0 * p[2] as f64).sum()).collect();
+    let mut input: Vec<usize> = (0..n).collect();
+    input.sort_by(|&a, &b| {
+        brightness[a].total_cmp(&brightness[b]).then(medians[a].total_cmp(&medians[b])).then(fingerprint[a].total_cmp(&fingerprint[b]))
+    });
+    // From here on frames are in brightness order (`input[p]` is the caller's index of position `p`): alignment seeds,
+    // sums and deghost masks no longer depend on the order the caller passed. Per-frame results go back at the end.
+    let mut slots: Vec<Option<Frame>> = frames.into_iter().map(Some).collect();
+    let mut frames: Vec<Frame> = input.iter().filter_map(|&i| slots.get_mut(i).and_then(Option::take)).collect();
+    if frames.len() != n {
+        return Err(MergeError::Mismatch("HDR merge lost a frame while ordering them".into()));
+    }
+    let exif: Option<Vec<f64>> = exif.map(|e| input.iter().map(|&i| e[i]).collect());
+    let medians: Vec<f32> = input.iter().map(|&i| medians[i]).collect();
+    let brightness: Vec<f64> = input.iter().map(|&i| brightness[i]).collect();
+    let order: Vec<usize> = (0..n).collect();
+    let reference = n / 2;
 
     // 2. alignment
     let mut alignments = vec![Alignment::identity(); n];
@@ -264,14 +281,28 @@ pub fn merge_hdr(mut frames: Vec<Frame>, opts: &HdrOptions, progress: &Progress)
         }
         None => Plane::new(0, 0),
     };
+    // per-frame results in the caller's order
+    let mut ev_in = vec![0.0; n];
+    let mut alignments_in = vec![Alignment::identity(); n];
+    for (p, &i) in input.iter().enumerate() {
+        ev_in[i] = ev[p];
+        alignments_in[i] = alignments[p].clone();
+    }
+    let ev_exif = ev_exif.map(|e: Vec<f64>| {
+        let mut v = vec![0.0; n];
+        for (p, &i) in input.iter().enumerate() {
+            v[i] = e[p];
+        }
+        v
+    });
     let rf = &frames[reference];
     Ok(HdrResult {
         radiance: out,
         ghost,
-        reference,
-        ev,
+        reference: input[reference],
+        ev: ev_in,
         ev_exif,
-        alignments,
+        alignments: alignments_in,
         color: rf.color.clone(),
         raw: rf.raw,
         orientation: rf.orientation,
diff --git a/crates/merge/tests/hdr.rs b/crates/merge/tests/hdr.rs
index 68b9ba4b9..abfc471ec 100644
--- a/crates/merge/tests/hdr.rs
+++ b/crates/merge/tests/hdr.rs
@@ -125,6 +125,31 @@ fn bracket_merge_recovers_radiance_and_alignment() {
     assert!(rmed < 0.05, "recovered highlights: median log error {rmed}");
 }
 
+/// The result doesn't depend on the order the frames come in: every permutation of a bracket gives the same radiance and
+/// deghost overlay, bit for bit, and the same per-frame results for each frame. (Real brackets merged in the app's
+/// selection order and in the CLI's file order differed on 0.6 % of their pixels: alignment seeds followed the input
+/// positions.)
+#[test]
+fn merge_does_not_depend_on_the_frame_order() {
+    let t = truth();
+    let shifts = [(3.25f32, -2.0f32), (0.0, 0.0), (-4.0, 1.5)];
+    let ks = [0.25f32, 1.0, 4.0];
+    let shot: Vec<Frame> = (0..3).map(|i| shoot(&t, ks[i], shifts[i].0, shifts[i].1, i as u64 + 1)).collect();
+    let opts = HdrOptions { align: true, deghost: Deghost::Medium };
+    let base = merge_hdr(shot.clone(), &opts, &no_progress).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(base.reference, 1);
+    for perm in [[2usize, 0, 1], [1, 2, 0], [0, 2, 1]] {
+        let r = merge_hdr(perm.iter().map(|&i| shot[i].clone()).collect(), &opts, &no_progress).unwrap();
+        assert!(r.radiance.data == base.radiance.data, "{perm:?}: the radiance differs");
+        assert!(r.ghost.data == base.ghost.data, "{perm:?}: the deghost overlay differs");
+        assert_eq!(perm[r.reference], base.reference, "{perm:?}");
+        for (p, &i) in perm.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(r.ev[p], base.ev[i], "{perm:?}");
+            assert_eq!(r.alignments[p].h, base.alignments[i].h, "{perm:?}");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn deghost_removes_a_moving_object() {
     let t = truth();